Hurrah to the forktail !!

 If you are seeing too many Wagtails that will be the first impression one gets, the undulating flight and restless waging tail.  It was my last few days in Himalayas and was desperately in search of a Forktail, something that you get to see in these mountains. Favourite haunt being rocky streams in forest or shaded wooded ravines, rarely seen in the open. I was at Uttarkashi town, and out on a very early morning walk, it was still dark as I began my trek from the town to further up the hill where Nation Institute of Mountaineering (NIM) was located, it’s about 5Kms of salubrious sight. As you climb the terrain changes to pine forest. Shifting to pine and destruction of oaks has been detrimental to the region, and has contributed to landslides.
Just about the road on the rocky side heavily shaded in trees I heard rasping calls, and was very soon face to face with the Spotted Forktail aka Enicurus maculatus . A relatively large bird in tidy black and white, a rather busy demeanor and a white cap like pate. For a moment I thought he is going to up his cap and say hello howdoyoudo!!  

      

The inimitable Ghalib

Mirza Ghalib is inseparable from the collective memory of later medieval period of Delhi. You can say medieval Delhi is Ghalib’s Dhilli.  His prodigious output, candid and dispassionate portrayal of incongruities of human life, converting day to day vagaries into creative excellence interspersed with stimulating metaphors and wit, are much popular to this day.  Very few in this country, indeed the subcontinent, might not have heard about Ghalib. If haven’t then Ghalib has the answer!!

poochte hain ki Ghalib khon hain?

koi bathlawo ki hum bahthlaye kya?

I am asked who this Ghalib is?

Someone tell me, who am I to say

 It’s a wonderful play of words, and if you read again the meaning changes and goes deeper. That in short is greatness of Ghalib. Must add, any translation of Urdu will never ever do justice to the original. Though I had heard about Ghalib in school, intriguingly never taught or part of curriculum, we used to do crap shaiyari …dhoor se dekha tho aunty naha rahi thi, pass jakhe dekha tho bais pooch hila rahi thi…kind of nonsense, it is in this context there was a line Ghalib ki gali se a rahi thi awaaz…you say it again to built up the tempo (arz kiya hai!!) and then… kaale kaale jamun lelo !!

Some of Ghalib’s couplets are part of popular imagination, not many maybe aware that the lines like dil-e nadaan tujhe hua kya hai were written by Ghalib!! This was also part of popular Hindi song from Razia Sultan movie made in early 80s

Dil-e nadaan tujhe hua kya hai?

Aakhir is dard ki dawaa kya hai

Hum hain mushtaq aur who bazaar

Yaa ilaahi ye majara kya hai?

….

O wayward heart, what is your predicament

What for this ailment, is the right medicament

Our fondness is met by beloved’s coldness

Why O god this curious predicament

….

It is quite long and worth listening to…

Another couplet that readers must have heard many times is

hazaron khwahishen aisi keh har khwahish peh dum nikle

bahut nikle mere arman lekin phir bhi kam nikle

Longings innumerable, longing exquisitely intense

how many, many fulfilled, and yet O god, how few.

I had completely forgotten about this man until I found myself in a seminar in 1998 arranged by Urdu Academy and Sahitya Akademi on Bi-centenary of Mirza Ghalib “Ghalib’s Worlds, Times, Ideas and Contemporaries” at IIC.  Mirza Ghalib was back, and so ended up reading few things. Few months back I happen to attend a program on Ghalib at International Islamic Centre, conducted by Kathak danseuse Uma Sharma -who performed on couplets recited by Pavan Verma. Such was the crowd that there was no space to even stand. A mehfil was also arranged next day. Uma Sharma is also the force behind the restoration work of Ghalib’s residence at Ballimaran in Chandni Chowk, which was reduced to a godown.  

   

Ghalib original name was Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan(1797-1869)and was the last of the great urdu poet of the Mughal Era. He used pen names of Ghalib (meaning excellent) and sometimes Asad (lion). Ghalib lived during the turbulent times as Mughals were collapsing, the 1857 mutiny and displaced by the British. He too had a turbulent life living mostly in penury. 

In 1809 when Ghalib was just 12, his poetry came in for discussion in the literary annals of the time Umad-e-Muntakhiba, this promising poet was compared with greatest exponents of Ghazal. The detail description of him appear much later in Aab-i-Hayat where his “subtlety of expression, variation of themes, exquisite poetic images, conceit style and satirical quips” where much appreciated. This article though lost its credibility for hyperbolic praise of court poet and contemporary Ustad Zauq, who was quite a mediocre. Incidentally the tiff between Ghalib –a talented mercurial essentially a street poet, and court poet Zauq has reference in an incidence. It so happened that once the palanquin carrying Zauq was passing through the street, Ghalib quipped bana hai shah ka mushahib phira hai ithratha “He is close to crown, is strutting about in town!!”. As people laughed and praised, it surely was humiliating to the court poet. Very soon Ghalib was summoned to the fort, court poet’s public humiliation was sought to be explained. Ghalib submitted most humbly that it was actually a “continuing phrase of the maqta of my new verse”, and to the surprise of everyone present, added …magar na is shehar meh Ghalib ki abru kya hai  “…otherwise Ghalib is a clown in people’s estimation”. Not convinced and rightly reading through Ghalib’s mischief Zauq demands full verse. Ghalib created this verse impromptu that gained appreciation of even Zauq…

harek bhath pe kehthe ho ki thum ki thu kya hai

thum hi kaho ki ye andaaze gufthagu kya hai

ragon meh dhodthe phirne ke hum nahi kayal

jab ankh he se na tapka tho phir lahoo kya hai

For anything I say, you answer with ‘what are you’

Why don’t you say, what is this style of conversation?

Flowing in vein we regard as vain

Unless blood it is that flows from the eyes

Yadgar-e-Ghalib (1896) by Khawaja Althaf Hussain Hali can be called as the first major work that detailed Ghalib’s achievements. Hali stressed that Ghalib’s greatness lies in his amazing range of themes and moods, devoid of melancholic grumblings, and finds new meaning whenever they are read again. This was followed by Kashiful Haqaiq (Imdad Imam Asar) and Yadgar-e-Ghalib (Abdul Rehman Bijnori) while the earlier mentioned was highly critical of Ghalib, latter pretentious. “Ghalib” (Abdul Latif) was the first English book and sought to degrade him by comparing with Shakespeare and other western poets. The much acclaimed book to come out during this time was Shairul Hind (Maulana Abdul Salam Nadvi), a consummate discussion. Ghalib’s influence was such that stress was placed on new metaphors, similes, and resorting to rhetorics became a rage. Ghalib Shikan was another invain attempt to belittle Ghalib.

na tha kuch tho khuda tha, kuch na hotha tho khuda hotha

duboya muche hone ne, na hotha tho meh kya hotha

when nothing was, then god was there

had nothing been god would have been

my being has defeated me

had I not been, what would have been

(this couplet can also be seen at his tomb, located in Nizamuddin, very near to the Dargah)  

Rambabu Saxena’s History of Urdu literature in english bestowed acclaim and cemented his contributions. Saxena divided Ghalib’s poetry into three broad categories. The earlier poetry characterized by judicious and subtlety of expressions, later in sublimity and craftsmanship, “his humanitarian mysticism and astonishing fluency in using evocative language and fresh imagery”. The author also points to Ghalib’s liberal and humanist worldview. The Urdu translation of this book Adabi Khutoot-e-Ghalib (Mirza Mohammed Askari) included letters addressed to literary issues by Ghalib, throwing light on meaning of couplet. Ghalib Nama (Sheikh Mohammed Ikram) threw light on Ghalib’s personality his relation with religion, indeed Ghalib was not religious but wasn’t against. Gulzar’s episode on Ghalib begins with aged Ghalib tottering in the dawn at the steps of mosque, vacillating and returning. Quite compelling, these TV episodes brought a rather subtle, romantic and angst filled side of Ghalib, Ghalib Nama though points to Ghalib being prone to frequent outburst of anger and rage “at times he hurled such harsh and rasping comments at his opponents that cannot be repeated”.  Malik Ram’s Zikr-e-Ghalib tapped some new sources and provides historical perspective to time in which Ghalib lived. Ghalib’s philosophical concepts came in for detailed discussion in Fasal-e-Kalam-e-Ghalib (Shaukat Subzwari) and Afkar-e-Ghalib (Khaleefa Abdul Hakeem). Subzwari makes it clear that “Ghalib was not a philosopher but a philosophical poet”.

hum muwahhid hain hamara kesh hai tark-e-rusum

millaten jab mit gaye ajza-e iman ho gaye

In the oneness of god we believe, we reject custom, tenet and creed

for when they all are effaced, a true faith spring forth indeed.   

1930s onward saw leftist intellectual interest in Ghalib with the formation of Progressive Writers Association. This includes Ghalib:Shakha Aur Shair (Majnoo Gorakhpuri), Ghalib –Ek Mutala (Mumtaz Hussain), but the one that stands out is Ghalib Ka Tafakkur (Ehtisham Hussain). Hussain focused on couplets that reflected the historical realities, though he is critical on contradiction in Ghalib’s worldview and philosophy! Other contributors include Ali Sardar Jafri, Mohammad Hasan, Zoya Ansari, Anwar Azeem, SR Kidwai etc. Prof AA Suroor has written articles on Ghalib and asserts that Ghalib “put premium on wit” and his “couplets exudes meaning slowly”. Prof. Asloob Ahmed Ansari wrote thought provoking books Naqsh-e-=Ghalib and Naqsh-Hai-e-Rang gave the most extensive analysis. Hasan Askari writes that Ghalib is surprisingly closer to romantic poets

husn-e farogh-e sham-e sukhan dur hai Asad

pahle dil-e gudakhtah paida kare koi

It’s true a poet’s words should burn and melt, and glow like candle-flame

But foster first a feeling heart that can, like candle, melt with flame

Ghalib Ka Zauq-e- Tamasha (Wazir Agha), Ghalib Kuan Hai (Salim Ahmed), Ghalib: Life and Letters (Ralph Russell and Kurshid Islam), Ghalib (Gulam Rasool Mehar), Ghalib Aur Ahang-e-Ghalib (Yusuf Huseein Khan), Mushkilat-e-Ghalib (Niyaz Fatehpuri), Mutala-e-Ghalib (Asar Lucknowi), Ghalib-Ek Ashufta Nawa (Aftab Ahmad Khan) etc were other significant contributions on Ghalib.

hai aur bhi duniya mein sukhanwar bahut ache
kehte hain ke ghalib ka hai andaaz-e-bayaan aur.

There are many good poets in the world,

but they say Ghalib’s style (of poetry) is different 

In popular culture there were movies made on Mirza Ghalib, the first one was directed by Sohrab Modi (1954) wherein Bharat Bhushan –the superstar of that era, played the role of Ghalib. The second was nine episodes for TV by Gulzar (1988) with Nasiruddin Shah in the lead. Sohrab Modi’s movie was a runaway success, hugely appreciated it also won President’s Gold medal. Interestingly the story was to be written by Sadat Hasan Manto but due to partition of India and his shifting to Pakistan saw to it that the dialogues/script was written by Rajinder Singh Bedi. Manto was deeply influenced by Ghalib, many of his short story titles were borrowed verses of Ghalib. In a letter to the editor of Urdu journal Naqash (1955) Manto writes “in my own life I was never ashamed of literary creations comparing with my contemporaries, because nobody could compete with me. But when I came here (in mental hospital where he was being treated for alcohol addiction), then Ghalib made me worry a lot. He is taunting. He said to me: you are my thief, you took my verses as title of your story …instead of being thankful to me you wrote a film story about me where you show none of my qualities and, on the contrary all my defects are shown…” . Ghalib had this couplet that probably will clear any misgivings!!

ho gaya koi aisa bhi jo Ghalib ko na jaane,
shayar to who achha hai, magar badnaam bahut hai.

Is there anyone who isn’t aware of Ghalib?

He is a good poet, but quite infamous. 

Indeed Ghalib had no misgivings on his talent and was quite confident about his place in posterity, though in jest… 

hui muddat ke Ghalib mar gaya par yaad aataa hai
woh har ek baat pe kehna ke yoon hota to kya hota.
It has been a long time since Ghalib passed away, but still remembered

for his saying on each event of what if this had happened that way.

Gulzar’s Ghalib I happen to watch again (I have the CD, it takes about 5hours), the renditions are by Jagjit Singh. It starts with a poem by Gulzar, (it is long one, due to paucity of space I have cut it)

Ballimaraan ke mohalle ki wo pecheeda daleelon ki si wo galiyan
saamne taal ke nukkad pe batero ke qaseede
gurhgurhati hui paan ki peekon mein wo daad wo wah-wah
chand darwaaze par latke huye boshida se kuch taat ke parde
…..
Asadullah Khan ‘Ghalib’ ka patha milta hai.

The lanes of Ballimaran so much like the confusing arguments
With partridge stories at the lane’s corner.
The sounds of applause amidst the gurgling sounds of chewed betel leaves.
…

There, the whereabouts of Asadullah Khan Ghalib are found. 

From my scribble pad...

The Tree

The still tree carries the night in its branches

the way  it spreads and twists into knots

wheeze forbidding thoughts

unfurl frightening strangeness.

It is at the dawn, you hear

the sobs like bird songs

stillness as becoming

dark shapes bearing beaming patterns

scintillating sight lit in the glorious morning.